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Such a relationship is not surprising because most diurnal or nocturnal organisms display daily oscillations in energy intake, locomotor activity, and exposure to exogenous and internally generated oxidants ( The discovery and repeated confirmation of melatonin as an oxygen-based free radical scavenger and antioxidant represents a paradigm shift ( Not only is melatonin produced by peripheral cells, but importantly it is likely generated specifically in mitochondria ( Figure 3 ) ( Figure 3 Locally produced melatonin also protects the intramitochondrial environment from oxidative stress since in addition to acting as a direct radical scavenger it also stimulates enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), that remove ROS from the mitochondrial matrix ( The normal nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin and its release (Source # 1) are mediated due to the interaction of postganglionic neuron norepinephrine (NE) with specific receptors on the pinealocyte membrane ( In comparison to what is known about Source # 1 melatonin regulation, information about the control of extrapineal/mitochondrial melatonin (Source # 2) production is negligible
Aditi Kantipuly and (the other) Peter Singer made the case in STAT in March 2026: BMI thresholds derived from American populations miss obesity in Asian patients, who face greater cardio-metabolic risk at lower BMI
the New York Stem Cell Foundation (to A.L.A.)
If you have anorexia, your doctor will decide if you need amino acid replacement or not
Often at high doses, targeted cells go through a sequence of cellular degeneration followed by cell death, but at lower doses degenerative changes do not necessarily lead to cell death
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