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Collectively, antioxidants are indispensable for protecting spermatozoa against oxidative stress and ensuring functional competence, particularly during storage and cryopreservation ( 6 Future prospects and or research directions into improving rooster semen quality 6.1 Optimizing LCPUFA supplementation for enhancing reproductive performance in roosters The balance between 3 and 6 fatty acids in the diet is vital ( 6.2 Synergistic effects of LCPUFAs with other nutrients to improve protection and fertility While there is evidence out there supporting a beneficial interaction between LCPUFAs and antioxidants, particularly in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, the synergistic effect of these two is still evolving and not fully established across all scenarios ( 6.3 Targeted delivery of antioxidants via nanotechnology Nanotechnology offers a promising approach for the targeted delivery of antioxidants, while enhancing their efficacy and reducing potential side effects ( 6.4 Mycotoxin challenges Mycotoxins are defined as secondary metabolites that are produced by molds that contaminate a wide variety of plants and feed ( 6.5 Use of omics technologies to improve rooster reproductive performance By offering greater view of the molecular mechanism underpinning reproduction, the application of omics technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and genomics offers significant opportunities to improve chicken reproductive efficiency (Zhou et al., 2025)
